The tilts, twists, and turns of torticollis

Area of Science:

• Pediatric neurology
• Developmental pediatrics
• Musculoskeletal disorders

Background:

• Torticollis in children requires prompt diagnosis to prevent developmental delays.
• Congenital muscular torticollis is the most frequent cause.
• Rarer etiologies are often misdiagnosed as congenital muscular torticollis.

Approach:

• Review of recent literature on pediatric torticollis.
• Emphasis on clinical and radiographic examination findings.
• Highlighting differential diagnoses beyond congenital muscular torticollis.

Key Points:

• Congenital muscular torticollis is the most common cause of pediatric torticollis.
• Differential diagnoses include vertebral abnormalities, ocular issues, GI disorders, infections, tumors, and benign paroxysmal torticollis.
• Accurate diagnosis is essential to avoid misattributing symptoms and ensure appropriate management.

Conclusions:

• Early and accurate diagnosis of pediatric torticollis is critical for optimal outcomes.
• Physicians must consider a broad range of differential diagnoses.
• Thorough clinical and radiographic assessment aids in identifying the underlying cause and preventing developmental sequelae.