Advances and prospects of dynamic DNA nanostructures in biomedical applications

With the rapid development of DNA nanotechnology, the emergence of stimulus-responsive dynamic DNA nanostructures (DDNs) has broken many limitations of static DNA nanostructures, making precise, remote, and reversible control possible. DDNs are intelligent nanostructures with certain dynamic behaviors that are capable of responding to specific stimuli. The responsible stimuli of DDNs include exogenous metal ions, light, pH, etc., as well as endogenous small molecules such as GSH, ATP, etc. Due to the excellent stimulus responsiveness and other superior physiological characteristics of DDNs, they are now widely used in biomedical fields. For example, they can be applied in the fields of biosensing and bioimaging, which are able to detect biomarkers with greater spatial and temporal precision to help disease diagnosis and live cell physiological function studies. Moreover, they are excellent intelligent carriers for drug delivery in treating cancer and other diseases, achieving controlled release of drugs. And they can promote tissue regeneration and regulate cellular behaviors. Although some challenges need further study, such as the practical value in clinical applications, DDNs have shown great potential applications in the biomedical field.