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Sharp dose profiles for high precision proton therapy using strongly focused proton beams.

Fardous Reaz1, Kyrre Ness Sjobak2, Eirik Malinen1,3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.

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Magnetic focusing of proton beams offers superior precision in radiotherapy, significantly improving dose delivery to tumors while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This technique enhances treatment efficacy for small lesions and enables advanced radiotherapy methods like FLASH irradiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics and Radiation Oncology
  • Particle Accelerator Physics
  • Monte Carlo Simulation

Background:

  • Radiotherapy aims to maximize tumoricidal effects of ionizing radiation while sparing healthy tissues.
  • Proton beam therapy offers improved dose conformity over X-ray therapy.
  • Further enhancement of dose conformity requires narrower proton beams, but this is limited by Coulomb scattering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate techniques for producing narrow proton beams for improved radiotherapy precision.
  • To investigate the dose profiles resulting from different proton beam shaping methods.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed three proton beam shaping techniques: metal collimators, conventional energy beam focusing, and high-energy beam focusing.
  • Focused beams were governed by the Twiss parameter and implemented using magnetic particle accelerator optics.
  • Dose distributions were calculated using Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations and evaluated by target-to-surface dose ratio (TSDR) and transverse beam size.

Main Results:

  • Magnetic focusing techniques yielded significantly higher relative target doses and more efficient use of primary protons compared to metal collimators.
  • Conventional energy focused beams achieved a very high TSDR with comparable transverse beam size to collimated beams.
  • High-energy focused beams produced TSDRs with transverse beam sizes around 1.5 mm.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetically focused proton beams are highly attractive for radiotherapy of small lesions or tumors near organs at risk.
  • This approach could revolutionize spatially fractionated radiotherapy and facilitate techniques like FLASH irradiation due to minimal primary proton loss.