Recent topics regarding macrophage in the central nervous system

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Immunology
• Cell Biology

Background:

• The central nervous system (CNS) comprises neurons and various stromal cells, including microglia, the resident macrophages within the brain parenchyma.
• Microglia are crucial for maintaining CNS tissue homeostasis and respond dynamically to neural abnormalities.
• Distinct macrophage populations reside at the CNS borders (meninges, perivascular space, choroid plexus), differing morphologically and genetically from microglia.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes recent research on CNS-resident macrophage populations.
• It focuses on their heterogeneity, phenotypic plasticity, and ontogenetic relationships.
• Comparative analysis of microglia and border-associated macrophages is highlighted.

Key Points:

• CNS harbors diverse macrophage populations with specialized functions.
• Microglia exhibit plasticity, adapting phenotypes in response to CNS conditions.
• Border-associated macrophages possess unique characteristics compared to parenchymal microglia.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the heterogeneity and plasticity of CNS macrophages is vital for comprehending CNS health and disease.
• Further research into the ontogeny and distinct roles of these populations will advance neuroimmunology.
• This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on CNS-resident macrophages.