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Drug Nomenclature01:17

Drug Nomenclature

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During the development of a new pharmaceutical, the manufacturer initially assigns a code name to the drug. Once approved, the drug receives a United States Adopted Name (USAN)—a generic, nonproprietary designation. Upon being listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, this nonproprietary name becomes the drug's official name. Additionally, the manufacturer assigns a proprietary name or trademark, which serves as the brand name under which the drug is marketed. It is worth noting that...
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Nomenclature of Alkynes02:39

Nomenclature of Alkynes

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Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of alkynes follows a set of rules similar to alkanes and alkenes; however, alkynes bear the suffix "-yne" instead of "-ane" or "-ene." There are two approaches to naming alkynes:
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Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

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Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent...
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Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

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When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

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Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Cycloalkanes02:28

Cycloalkanes

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Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding acyclic alkane; therefore, their general formula is CnH2n. The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are simplified using the line-angle representation. The regular polygons are used to represent the cycloalkane rings, with each side representing a carbon-carbon bond.
The IUPAC nomenclature of cycloalkanes follows similar rules that apply to...
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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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EMCDDA framework and practical guidance for naming synthetic cannabinoids.

Benedikt Pulver1, Svenja Fischmann1, Ana Gallegos2

  • 1State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Forensic Science Institute, Kiel, Germany.

Drug Testing and Analysis
|November 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new naming system for synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) offers a standardized way to identify these substances. This framework helps regulators, researchers, and forensic experts consistently name and understand the structural features of emerging psychoactive drugs.

Keywords:
early warning systemharmonizationnew psychoactive substancessemi-systematic namingsynthetic cannabinoids

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Policy

Background:

  • Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a major class of new psychoactive substances monitored by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
  • Over 240 structurally diverse SCs are tracked by the EU Early Warning System, posing challenges for consistent identification and regulation.
  • Previous naming conventions for SCs have lacked clarity and user-friendliness for non-chemists, including policymakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theoretical framework and practical guideline for consistent and informative naming of synthetic cannabinoids.
  • To enhance the recognizability of SCs for non-chemists, aiding regulators, forensic scientists, and clinicians.
  • To provide a basis for naming novel SCs based on their structural features.

Main Methods:

  • Building upon the EMCDDA's 2013 letter code system for molecular building blocks (core, linker, linked group, tail).
  • Expanding the existing framework to include additional structural features through substitution.
  • Utilizing a flowchart to illustrate the concepts and rules for naming new SCs.

Main Results:

  • A proposed framework for semi-systematic code names for SCs, incorporating detailed structural information.
  • A graphical overview illustrating the chemical diversity of monitored SCs.
  • A reference list of SCs identified by the EMCDDA's Early Warning System.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework provides a user-friendly and consistent method for naming synthetic cannabinoids.
  • This standardized approach facilitates better understanding and communication regarding SCs among diverse stakeholders.
  • The guideline supports the ongoing monitoring and regulation of emerging psychoactive substances within the EU.