Neuronal Cellular Nanosponges for Effective Detoxification of Neurotoxins

Neurotoxins attack and destruct the nervous system, which can cause serious health problems and security threats. Existing detoxification approaches, such as antibodies and small molecule antidotes, rely on neurotoxin's molecular structure as design cues and require toxin-specific development for each type of toxins. However, the enormous diversity of neurotoxins makes such structure-based development of antitoxin particularly challenging and inefficient. Here, we report on the development and use of neuronal membrane-coated nanosponges (denoted "Neuron-NS") as an effective approach to detoxifying neurotoxins. Specifically, Neuron-NS act as neuron decoys to lure neurotoxins, bind with and neutralize the toxins, and thus block them from attacking the host neuron cells. These nanosponges detoxify neurotoxins regardless of their molecular structures and therefore can overcome the challenge posed by toxin structural diversity. In the study, we fabricate Neuron-NS by coating the membrane of Neuro-2a cells onto polymeric cores. Meanwhile, we select tetrodotoxin (TTX) as a model neurotoxin and demonstrate the detoxification efficacy of the Neuron-NS in a cytotoxicity assay, a calcium flux assay, and a cell osmotic swelling assay in vitro. Additionally, in mouse models of TTX intoxication, the Neuron-NS significantly enhance mouse survival in therapeutic and prophylactic regimens without showing acute toxicity. Overall, the Neuron-NS contribute to the current detoxification arsenal with the potential to treat various injuries and diseases caused by neurotoxins.