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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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What is Weather?01:07

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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

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Predicting Precipitation
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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Intensification of subhourly heavy rainfall.

Hooman Ayat1,2, Jason P Evans1,2, Steven C Sherwood1,2

  • 1Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Extreme rainfall events lasting less than an hour are increasing rapidly near Sydney, Australia. This trend of intense subhourly rainfall is rising by over 20% per decade, posing a significant flash flood risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Extreme weather events
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Previous research on climate change impacts on precipitation primarily focused on daily rainfall totals.
  • Subdaily extreme rainfall events are challenging to detect and model due to their localized nature and short duration.
  • Flash flooding is a significant hazard often triggered by short-duration, high-intensity rainfall extremes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate trends in subhourly extreme rainfall near Sydney, Australia.
  • To determine if subdaily rainfall extremes are increasing at a faster rate than hourly or daily extremes.
  • To assess the consistency of observed trends across different data sources and account for natural climate variations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 20 years of rainfall data near Sydney, Australia.
  • Utilizing data from multiple independent ground-based weather radars to track storms.
  • Comparison of radar data with rain-gauge measurements to validate findings.
  • Statistical analysis to identify trends and rule out natural climate variability.

Main Results:

  • A robust positive trend of at least 20% per decade in subhourly extreme rainfall was identified near Sydney.
  • No significant trends were observed in hourly or daily extreme rainfall during the same period.
  • The observed subhourly rainfall trend was consistent across radar and rain-gauge data.
  • The trend did not appear to be linked to known natural climate variations.

Conclusions:

  • Subhourly extreme rainfall events are increasing significantly faster than those on longer timescales.
  • The findings highlight a potential underestimation of flood risk associated with short-duration, high-intensity rainfall.
  • Further research is needed to understand the drivers of these intensified subhourly rainfall extremes and their broader implications.