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Microbial Fermentation

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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: pH01:29

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Microorganisms are classified as acidophiles, neutrophiles, or alkaliphiles based on their pH growth preferences, reflecting their adaptations to specific environments. Maintaining a stable intracellular pH is critical for macromolecular stability and enzymatic activity, which can be challenged by external pH variations.Neutrophiles, such as Escherichia coli, grow optimally between pH 5.5 and 8.0. These microorganisms inhabit neutral or slightly acidic environments and employ mechanisms like...
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Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Temperature

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Microorganisms display remarkable adaptations, enabling them to thrive in diverse ecological niches across a wide range of temperatures. Temperature profoundly influences microbial growth by affecting enzymatic activity, membrane fluidity, and other cellular processes.Each microorganism operates within a specific temperature range defined by three cardinal points: minimum, optimum, and maximum. Below the minimum temperature, membranes lose fluidity, halting transport processes. Above the...
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Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Osmolarity01:28

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Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration in a solution. It plays a critical role in determining water availability for organisms. Water moves across semipermeable membranes through osmosis, flowing from regions of lower solute concentration (more dilute) to regions of higher solute concentration (more concentrated).In high-solute environments, microbial cells lose water, leading to dehydration and inhibited growth. The extent to which water is available to microbes in such environments...
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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Bacterial Growth Curve01:28

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The bacterial growth curve is a fundamental concept in microbiology that describes the dynamics of bacterial population growth in a closed system with controlled environmental conditions, such as temperature and nutrient availability. This curve is divided into four distinct phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phases, each reflecting a unique stage of bacterial adaptation and growth. During the lag phase, bacteria acclimate to their surroundings by synthesizing essential...
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Factors affecting the competitiveness of bacterial fermentation.

Jong An Lee1, Hyun Uk Kim2, Jeong-Geol Na3

  • 1Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST Institute for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

Trends in Biotechnology
|November 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights how systems metabolic engineering advances microbial strains for sustainable chemical production. It revisits bacterial fermentation

Keywords:
biorefineryfed-batch fermentationfermentationnet zero carbonsystems metabolic engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and metabolic engineering for sustainable chemical production.

Background:

  • Growing global emphasis on 'net zero carbon' necessitates sustainable chemical and material production from renewable biomass via biorefineries.
  • Systems metabolic engineering has enabled efficient development of microbial strains for overproducing various chemicals and materials, with some reaching industrial scale.
  • Fermentation, a critical bioprocess economics factor, has received limited recent research attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revisit and discuss factors influencing the competitiveness of bacterial fermentation.
  • To connect fermentation competitiveness with advancements in strain development through systems metabolic engineering.
  • To explore future perspectives for enhancing fermentation process efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on systems metabolic engineering and microbial strain development.
  • Analysis of factors impacting bacterial fermentation economics and competitiveness.
  • Discussion of case studies and future research directions in bioprocess engineering.

Main Results:

  • Systems metabolic engineering significantly contributes to developing robust microbial strains for bioproducts.
  • Bacterial fermentation remains a key, yet under-researched, component in the economic viability of bioprocesses.
  • Identifying and addressing fermentation-specific challenges is crucial for realizing the full potential of engineered microbial strains.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating advanced strain development with optimized fermentation processes is vital for sustainable biorefineries.
  • Further research into bacterial fermentation is essential to improve the cost-effectiveness and scalability of bio-based chemical production.
  • Future efforts should focus on synergistic improvements in both microbial systems and fermentation technologies to achieve 'net zero carbon' goals.