Development of Microbial Indicators in Ecological Systems

Indicators can monitor ecological environment changes and help maintain ecological balance. Bioindicators are divided into animal, plant, and microbial indicators, of which animal and plant indicators have previously been the most researched, but microbial indicators have drawn attention recently owing to their high sensitivity to the environment and their potential for use in monitoring environmental changes. To date, reviews of studies of animals and plants as indicator species have frequently been conducted, but reviews of research on microorganisms as indicator species have been rare. In this review, we summarize and analyze studies using microorganisms as indicator species in a variety of ecosystems, such as forests, deserts, aquatic and plateau ecosystems, and artificial ecosystems, which are contained in wetlands, farmlands, and mining ecosystems. This review provides useful information for the further use of microorganisms as indicators to reflect the changes in different environmental ecosystems.