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Surface-Oxidised Carbon Nanofibre-Based Nanofluids: Structural, Morphological, Stability and Thermal Properties.

Norshafiqah Mohd Saidi1, Norli Abdullah1, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan2,3

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Summary

Surface oxidation of carbon nanofibres (CNFs) enhances their dispersion and stability in water. This improved nanofluid formulation significantly boosts thermal conductivity, offering a promising heat transfer medium.

Keywords:
CNFcarbon nanofibrenanofluidspolyvinylpyrrolidonesedimentationsurface oxygen functional groupthermal conductivity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Nanofluids offer enhanced heat transfer properties but face challenges with nanoparticle stability and agglomeration.
  • Carbon-based nanofluids, particularly those using carbon nanofibres (CNFs), are difficult to synthesize due to instability.
  • Surface modification and surfactant addition are key strategies to improve nanofluid performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the structural, morphological, and thermal properties of surface-oxidized CNF-based nanofluids.
  • To investigate the effect of different surface oxidation methods on CNF properties and subsequent nanofluid stability.
  • To optimize the concentration of surface-oxidized CNF in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized nanofluid for enhanced thermal conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Commercial CNFs underwent three different acid treatments for surface oxidation.
  • Characterization techniques included Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, TGA, and FESEM.
  • Nanofluids were prepared with varying concentrations of the best-performing surface-oxidized CNF (CNF-MB) and a fixed concentration of PVP in ultrapure water.
  • Thermal conductivity was measured at 6, 25, and 40 °C.

Main Results:

  • Surface oxidation via Method B (CNF-MB) effectively introduced oxygen functional groups and created surface defects, improving CNF dispersion.
  • FESEM, Raman, TGA, and FTIR analyses confirmed the successful surface modification of CNF-MB.
  • Surface-oxidized CNFs showed reduced van der Waals interactions, leading to better dispersion and stability, further enhanced by PVP.
  • The optimal CNF-MB concentration of 0.7 wt.% with PVP resulted in significant thermal conductivity enhancements of 18.50%, 16.84%, and 19.83% at 6, 25, and 40 °C, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Surface oxidation is a viable method to enhance the stability and heat transfer performance of CNF-based nanofluids.
  • The combination of surface oxidation (Method B) and PVP stabilization effectively mitigates nanoparticle agglomeration.
  • The developed surface-oxidized CNF-based nanofluid demonstrates superior thermal conductivity, making it a promising candidate for advanced heat transfer applications.