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Related Concept Videos

Operational Amplifiers01:17

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The operational amplifier, often referred to as an op-amp, is a multifaceted building block of a circuit. This electronic component functions like a voltage-controlled voltage source and can also be used to create a voltage- or current-controlled current source. The design of an operational amplifier enables it to execute mathematical operations when external components like resistors and capacitors are linked to its terminals. An op-amp has the capacity to sum signals, amplify a signal,...
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Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Related Experiment Video

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Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults
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A Fault Tolerant Surveillance System for Fire Detection and Prevention Using LoRaWAN in Smart Buildings.

Abdullah Safi1, Zulfiqar Ahmad1, Ali Imran Jehangiri1

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new LoRaWAN-based fire detection system for smart buildings, offering reliable early warnings without Wi-Fi. The system effectively detects various fire indicators, ensuring enhanced safety.

Keywords:
Internet of ThingsLPWANLoRaWANfire detectionresponse time

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Area of Science:

  • * Engineering and Technology
  • * Internet of Things (IoT)
  • * Wireless Sensor Networks

Background:

  • * Traditional fire detection methods like smoke and gas sensors are often ineffectual, leading to significant loss of life and property.
  • * The Internet of Things (IoT) offers a growing technological framework for connected devices, enabling remote monitoring and management.
  • * Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), specifically LoRaWAN, are ideal for IoT applications requiring long-range, low-power communication for sensor data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To design and implement a robust LoRaWAN-based fire detection and prevention system for smart buildings.
  • * To create a system independent of Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) connectivity for enhanced reliability.
  • * To evaluate the performance of the proposed system in terms of sensing accuracy and network communication efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • * Development of a LoRaWAN node equipped with multiple sensors to detect smoke, various gases (LPG, propane, methane, hydrogen, alcohol), temperature, and humidity.
  • * Implementation of the system in a real-world environment using Wi-Fi LoRa 32 boards.
  • * Performance evaluation through tests in diverse conditions, including varying distances (0-600 m) and heights (0-2 m), across open and indoor (1st-3rd floor) settings.

Main Results:

  • * The LoRaWAN-based system demonstrated superior performance in sensing various fire-related elements.
  • * Effective data transfer from sensing nodes to controller boards was achieved.
  • * The system proved reliable in detecting environmental changes indicative of fire hazards.

Conclusions:

  • * The developed LoRaWAN system provides a viable and effective solution for smart building fire detection and prevention.
  • * The system's independence from Wi-Fi enhances its reliability in critical situations.
  • * The proposed technology offers a promising advancement in IoT-based safety solutions, outperforming traditional methods in sensing and data transmission.