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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
6.1K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

4.1K
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom,...
4.1K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

2.9K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
2.9K
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

6.2K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
6.2K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

2.9K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
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Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Anaerobic Protein Purification and Kinetic Analysis via Oxygen Electrode for Studying DesB Dioxygenase Activity and Inhibition
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Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Specific Ring Hydroxylating Dioxygenases: Diversity, Structure, Function, and Protein

Tanjot Kaur1, Sudarshan Singh Lakhawat2, Vikram Kumar2

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib Word University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India.

Current Protein & Peptide Science
|November 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are exploring bacterial enzymes called ring hydroxylating dioxygenases (RHDs) for biodegrading environmental pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These enzymes offer a promising route for bioremediation and producing valuable compounds.

Keywords:
EPANBDOPollutantspolyaromatic hydrocarbonprotein engineeringring hydroxylating dioxygenase

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Biocatalysis
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants with known mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.
  • Biological degradation of PAHs is a critical area of research for environmental remediation.
  • Bacterial ring hydroxylating dioxygenases (RHDs) are key enzymes involved in PAH metabolism.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on the diversity, distribution, and characteristics of RHDs.
  • It examines the molecular basis of RHD catalysis, including crucial amino acid residues.
  • The potential of protein engineering to enhance RHD activity and stability is discussed.

Key Points:

  • RHDs catalyze the stereospecific oxidation of PAHs, initiating their degradation.
  • These enzymes convert toxic PAHs into less harmful substances and produce valuable chiral intermediates (cis-dihydrodiols).
  • Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are dominant phyla in PAH-polluted environments, harboring diverse RHDs.

Conclusions:

  • RHDs represent a powerful biocatalytic tool for the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated sites.
  • Understanding RHD structure-function relationships and applying protein engineering can optimize their industrial and environmental applications.