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During the development of a new pharmaceutical, the manufacturer initially assigns a code name to the drug. Once approved, the drug receives a United States Adopted Name (USAN)—a generic, nonproprietary designation. Upon being listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, this nonproprietary name becomes the drug's official name. Additionally, the manufacturer assigns a proprietary name or trademark, which serves as the brand name under which the drug is marketed. It is worth noting that...
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Proper and common names in the semantic system.

Rutvik H Desai1,2, Usha Tadimeti3, Nicholas Riccardi3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA. rutvik@sc.edu.

Brain Structure & Function
|November 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Proper names and common names activate similar brain regions, but proper names show unique activity in areas for item-specific retrieval and autobiographical details. Both name types are processed within the broader semantic system.

Keywords:
Autobiographical memoryPeoplePlacesProper namesSemanticsfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Proper names hold a unique status in language, but their relationship with the semantic system used for common names is unclear.
  • Understanding the neural basis of proper name processing is crucial for comprehending semantic memory and language representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of proper name processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • To compare brain activation patterns for proper names (person, place, familiar, famous) versus common names and concepts.

Main Methods:

  • fMRI study involving participants viewing proper names and common names.
  • Whole-brain analysis followed by targeted analysis of semantic regions: angular gyrus, anterior temporal lobe, posterior cingulate complex, and medial temporal lobe.
  • Comparison of activations for person names, place names, familiar names, famous names, concrete concepts, and abstract concepts.

Main Results:

  • Both proper and common names activate overlapping semantic regions bilaterally.
  • Specific activation for proper names observed in the perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, suggesting item-specific retrieval.
  • Place names engaged spatial memory areas; person names showed greater right hemisphere activation; familiar names elicited stronger bilateral activation.

Conclusions:

  • Proper names are processed within the general semantic system, integrating associative, episodic, and spatial information.
  • Proper name processing involves a stronger engagement of these components rather than a distinct neural system.
  • Neural distinctions exist for different types of proper names, reflecting their unique retrieval and associative properties.