Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

179
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
179
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

6.6K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
6.6K
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

232
Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
232
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

4.1K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
4.1K
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

5.6K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
5.6K
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.1K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Testing the Role of Temporal Attention in Speech: Pretarget Alpha Predicts Memory Encoding Rather Than Effects of Linguistic Focus.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same author

Implicit and explicit self-concepts of forgiveness in women with borderline personality disorder.

Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation·2025
Same author

Discourse Focus and Memory Encoding: The Role of Trial-Level Alpha Power.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Introducing the Narcissistic Antagonism Scale: A missing puzzle piece in the assessment of momentary narcissism.

Psychological assessment·2024
Same author

Anatomical and behavioural correlates of auditory perception in developmental dyslexia.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2024
Same author

The peaks and valleys of narcissism: The factor structure of narcissistic states and their relations to trait measures.

Psychological assessment·2024
Same journal

Psychometric evaluation of the Kessler 10 measure of psychosocial distress using the 2022 South African population-based household survey.

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)·2026
Same journal

Understanding how adolescents engage in mindfulness-based intervention: a mixed methods study of engagement processes.

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)·2026
Same journal

Measurement of executive functioning in pre-school aged children in India: a scoping review.

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)·2026
Same journal

Development and psychometric validation of a novel, self-report visual processing questionnaire (ViPro-SR) for neurodivergent adults.

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)·2026
Same journal

Intolerance of uncertainty, psychopathology, and emerging adult sibling relationships.

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)·2026
Same journal

Visual Examination of Own- and Other-race Face Identities And Implicit Racial Bias.

Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects
06:57

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects

Published on: February 12, 2021

3.3K

Face masks drive increased rational decision-making.

Ramzi Fatfouta1, Yulia Oganian2

  • 1HMKW Hochschule für Medien, Kommunikation und Wirtschaft, University of Applied Sciences, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany.

Current Psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)
|November 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Face masks significantly impact socio-economic exchanges, with masked individuals receiving more favorable monetary offers. This "face-mask effect" was stronger with surgical masks and influenced by perceptions of the wearer

Keywords:
COVID-19Decision makingEconomic bargainingFace masksSocial cognitionUltimatum Game

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

790
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects
06:57

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects

Published on: February 12, 2021

3.3K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

790
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Social Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Face masks are crucial for controlling respiratory diseases like COVID-19.
  • The impact of face masks on social interactions remains under-explored.
  • Understanding these effects is vital in a pandemic context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how facial occlusion by masks affects socio-economic exchange.
  • To identify factors modulating the influence of face masks on economic behavior.
  • To introduce and define the
  • face-mask effect
  • on socio-economic exchange.

Main Methods:

  • A behavioral economics experiment with 481 participants.
  • Comparison of interactions with masked versus unmasked opponents.
  • Analysis of monetary offer acceptance and offer amounts.
  • Assessment of mask type (surgical vs. bandana) and motive attributions.

Main Results:

  • Individuals accepted more monetary offers from masked opponents.
  • Lower offer amounts were accepted when interacting with masked individuals.
  • Surgical masks had a more pronounced effect than bandana-type masks.
  • Beliefs about mask-wearers' protective motives increased offer acceptance.

Conclusions:

  • A novel
  • face-mask effect
  • on socio-economic exchange is identified.
  • Mask type and perceived wearer motives significantly modulate this effect.
  • Findings highlight the complex social and economic consequences of mask mandates.