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Restoration interventions mediate tropical tree recruitment dynamics over time.

Andy J Kulikowski1, Rakan A Zahawi1,2, Leland K Werden2

  • 1Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|November 14, 2022
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Applied nucleation and natural regeneration enhance forest restoration tree survival and growth more than tree plantations. Long-term studies are crucial for comparing restoration strategies and guiding future forest landscape restoration efforts.

Keywords:
forestgrowthsaplingseedlingsurvivaltropical

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Forestry
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Forest restoration is vital for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation.
  • Long-term comparative studies on forest restoration strategies and their impact on tree demographics are scarce.
  • The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration emphasizes the need for science-based restoration approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the long-term effects of natural regeneration, applied nucleation, and tree plantations on tree recruit survival and growth.
  • To evaluate changes in tree recruit demographics over a decade across different restoration treatments.
  • To assess the effectiveness of applied nucleation as a forest restoration strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Annual measurement of tree recruit survival and growth over ten years.
  • Comparison of three restoration treatments: natural regeneration, applied nucleation, and tree plantations.
  • Replication of treatments across 13 forest sites in southern Costa Rica.

Main Results:

  • Early-successional seedlings showed 14% higher survival in applied nucleation versus natural regeneration.
  • Initial sapling growth rates were faster in natural regeneration and applied nucleation than plantations, but converged over time.
  • Applied nucleation enhanced later-successional sapling growth by 39% compared to plantations.

Conclusions:

  • Applied nucleation is as effective or more effective than resource-intensive tree plantations for enhancing tree recruit survival and growth.
  • Tree recruit dynamics change rapidly, highlighting the necessity of multi-year studies for evaluating restoration interventions.
  • Findings support applied nucleation as a promising strategy for effective forest landscape restoration.