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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

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The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.4K
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases

17.8K

The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
17.8K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

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4.0K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.0K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.5K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.5K

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Stabilized Nitrogen Framework Anions in the Ga-N System.

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Researchers explored gallium-nitrogen (Ga-N) compounds under pressure, discovering new nitrogen-rich materials like GaN15, GaN10, and GaN5. These compounds are promising high-energy-density materials synthesized at lower pressures than pure nitrogen.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Nitrogen-rich compounds are of interest for their diverse bonding and potential as high-energy-density materials.
  • Exploring new compositions in compressed systems is key to discovering novel materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the Ga-N system under high pressure to identify novel nitrogen-rich compounds.
  • To assess the potential of these compounds as high-energy-density materials.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles structural search (computational).
  • Experimental synthesis using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell.
  • Thermodynamic stability analysis.
  • Decomposition energy evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Three thermodynamically stable Ga-N stoichiometries were identified: GaN15, GaN10, and GaN5.
  • These compounds exhibit versatile polymeric nitrogen framework topologies.
  • Synthesis pressures for GaN10 and GaN5 are lower than for pure solid nitrogen.
  • GaN10 and GaN5 are identified as promising high-energy-density materials.

Conclusions:

  • Novel nitrogen-rich Ga-N compounds can be synthesized at accessible pressures.
  • These materials hold promise for high-energy-density applications.
  • Findings advance the design of nitrogen-rich materials and nitrogen chemistry under extreme conditions.