Microglia dynamics in aging-related neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory diseases
Nima Javanmehr1,2, Kiarash Saleki1,2, Parsa Alijanizadeh1,2
1Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
Abstract:
Microglia represent the first line of immune feedback in the brain. Beyond immune surveillance, they are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent research has revealed the microglial cells' spatiotemporal heterogeneity based on their local and time-based functions in brain trauma or disease when homeostasis is disrupted. Distinct "microglial signatures" have been recorded in physiological states and brain injuries, with discrete or sometimes overlapping pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Microglia are involved in the neurological repair processes, such as neurovascular unit restoration and synaptic plasticity, and manage the extent of the damage due to their phenotype switching. The versatility of cellular phenotypes beyond the classical M1/M2 classification, as well as the double-edge actions of microglia in neurodegeneration, indicate the need for further exploration of microglial cell dynamics and their contribution to neurodegenerative processes. This review discusses the homeostatic functions of different microglial subsets focusing on neuropathological conditions. Also, we address the feasibility of targeting microglia as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases.
Insights
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, show diverse functions and states during health and disease. Understanding their complex roles is key to developing new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Microglia are the primary immune cells in the central nervous system.
- They are crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis and performing immune surveillance.
- Recent studies highlight microglial spatiotemporal heterogeneity and distinct functional signatures in various brain conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the homeostatic functions of diverse microglial subsets.
- To explore microglial roles in neuropathological conditions.
- To assess the therapeutic potential of targeting microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on microglial heterogeneity and function.
- Analysis of studies on microglial involvement in brain homeostasis and disease.
- Discussion of therapeutic strategies targeting microglial dynamics.
Main Results:
- Microglia exhibit dynamic phenotypes beyond the traditional M1/M2 classification.
- Distinct microglial signatures are associated with physiological states and brain injuries.
- Microglia play dual roles in neurodegeneration, contributing to both damage and repair processes.
Conclusions:
- Microglial heterogeneity and dynamic functions are critical in neuropathology.
- Targeting specific microglial subsets offers a promising therapeutic avenue for neurodegenerative diseases.
- Further research into microglial cell dynamics is essential for advancing treatment strategies.
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