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Monkeypox.

Oriol Mitjà1, Dimie Ogoina2, Boghuma K Titanji3

  • 1Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections section, Hospital Universitari Germans Trías i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Fight Infectious Diseases Foundation, Badalona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

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Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic illness that spread globally in 2022. Diagnosis involves Orthopoxvirus DNA detection, with treatments like tecovirimat and vaccines available for high-risk individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral illness caused by an Orthopoxvirus, historically endemic to West and Central Africa.
  • The World Health Organization declared monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in July 2022 due to its unprecedented global spread.
  • The 2022 outbreak is characterized by transmission through close intimate contact, predominantly affecting men who have sex with men and presenting with distinct epidemiological and clinical features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the monkeypox virus, its transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management strategies.
  • To highlight the global public health implications of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak.
  • To discuss current treatment and prophylaxis options for monkeypox.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data and clinical characteristics of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak.
  • Description of diagnostic methods, including PCR detection of Orthopoxvirus DNA.
  • Summary of available therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies.

Main Results:

  • The 2022 outbreak features an incubation period of 7-10 days, with systemic symptoms (fever, myalgia) and a characteristic rash evolving through stages.
  • Complications occur in up to 40% of patients, requiring medical intervention.
  • Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting Orthopoxvirus DNA via PCR.
  • Antiviral treatment (e.g., tecovirimat) and vaccination (e.g., modified vaccinia Ankara) are available for severe cases and high-risk individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Monkeypox requires global solidarity and attention as a previously neglected disease.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate medical management, including antivirals and vaccines, are crucial for severe cases and at-risk populations.
  • Access to antiviral treatments and vaccines remains a challenge in endemic African countries.