Engineering white blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers for inflammation-related therapeutics

White blood cells (WBCs) play essential roles against inflammatory disorders, bacterial infections, and cancers. Inspired by nature, WBC membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers (WBC-NCs) have been developed to mimic the "dynamic" functions of WBCs, such as transendothelial migration, adhesion to injured blood vessels, etc, which make them promising for diverse medical applications. WBC-NCs inherit the cell membrane antigens of WBCs, while still exhibiting the robust inflammation-related therapeutic potential of synthetic nanocarriers with excellent (bio)physicochemical performance. This review summarizes the proposed concept of cell membrane engineering, which utilizes physical engineering, chemical modification, and biological functionalization technologies to endow the natural cell membrane with abundant functionalities. In addition, it highlights the recent progress and applications of WBC-NCs for inflammation targeting, biological neutralization, and immune modulation. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in realizing the full potential of WBC-NCs for the manipulation of inflammation-related therapeutics are discussed.