Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Critical Thinking II

Critical Thinking II

Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:

Problem-Solving

Problem-Solving

Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:

Reasoning

Reasoning

Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. This type of reasoning helps form beliefs about the world. For example,...

Reason and Intuition

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...

Errors In Hypothesis Tests

Errors In Hypothesis Tests

When performing a hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes depending on the actual truth (or falseness) of the null hypothesis and the decision to reject or not.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Raman Spectroscopy for Differentiating High- and Low-Grade Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours.

Veterinary and comparative oncology·2026

Same author

Autistic vs. Control Differences in MRI Scan Quality Across ABIDE-II Sites.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Dermal lipomatous metaplasia in chronic plaque psoriasis: A clinicopathological case report.

Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG·2026

Same author

Design of a Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Splint for Surgical Correction of Pectus Excavatum in a Kitten.

Case reports in veterinary medicine·2026

Same author

A single process for deductive and inductive inference? Examining the impact of conclusion typicality and argument validity on immediate inferences.

Cognitive psychology·2026

Same author

AI-Enhanced Adaptive Virtual Screening Platform Enabling Exploration of 69 Billion Molecules Discovers Structurally Validated FSP1 Inhibitors.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

When Type 2 Processing Misfires: The Indiscriminate Use of Statistical Thinking about Reasoning Problems.

Mário B Ferreira¹, Jerônimo C Soro², Joana Reis¹

¹CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal.

Journal of Intelligence

|November 22, 2022

Summary

People often struggle to distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning, even when presented with problems designed to test statistical judgment. This study shows that apparent conflict sensitivity doesn't guarantee sound statistical rule application.

Keywords:

bias dual-process theory judgment metacognition reasoning

More Related Videos

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 20, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Judgment and Decision-Making

Background:

Dual-process theories of judgment often use reasoning problems pitting intuitive (Type 1) against rule-based (Type 2) responses.
Existing tasks lack methods to differentiate adequate from inadequate rule application.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and test experimental methods for discriminating between sound and unsound rule use in judgment tasks.
To investigate whether participants can differentiate between genuine and spurious conflict in reasoning.

Main Methods:

Developed rule-inadequate versions of standard base-rate problems, rendering base rates irrelevant.
Conducted four experiments measuring response latencies and confidence to assess conflict sensitivity.

Main Results:

Participants exhibited conflict sensitivity on both standard and rule-inadequate base-rate problems.
Failure to discriminate between real and spurious conflict was observed across experiments.

Conclusions:

Participants frequently misuse statistical information, relying on irrelevant base rates.
Assuming sound statistical rule use based solely on correct responses to conflict problems may be misleading without controlling for reasoning biases.