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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step
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Pitching Biomechanics Normative Values and Kinetic Differences by Competition Level.

Kristen F Nicholson1, Joseph A Mylott1, Brian R Waterman1

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances
|November 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Higher-level baseball pitchers show more efficient mechanics but greater arm stress. These pitching biomechanics data provide crucial normative values for evaluating athletes across different competition levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Pitching assessments require normative data for comparison.
  • Understanding pitching kinematics and kinetics is vital for injury prevention and performance optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative values for pitching kinematics and kinetics.
  • To compare pitching kinetics across different competitive levels.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 120 three-dimensional baseball pitching biomechanical evaluations.
  • Calculation of kinematic and kinetic parameters.
  • Statistical comparison of kinetic data between competition levels.

Main Results:

  • Higher competition levels showed greater elbow varus torque and shoulder distraction force.
  • No significant differences were found in maximum vertical ground reaction forces.
  • Pitchers at higher levels exhibited improved kinematic efficiency but increased arm stress.

Conclusions:

  • Normative pitching biomechanical data can guide athlete evaluations across career stages.
  • Increased velocity in higher-level pitchers correlates with greater arm stress.
  • Findings aid in understanding the relationship between competition level, pitching mechanics, and arm health.