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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Primate-specific transposable elements shape transcriptional networks during human development.

Julien Pontis1, Cyril Pulver2, Christopher J Playfoot2

  • 1Laboratory of Virology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. julien.pontis35@gmail.com.

Nature Communications
|November 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) in the human genome are activated by developmental transcription factors, influencing gene regulation. These elements, alongside KRAB-zinc finger proteins (KZFPs), shape transcriptional networks during early human development.

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The human genome contains millions of transposable element (TE) inserts.
  • TEs must be expressed in germline or early embryos for inheritance.
  • Pluripotency factors regulate TE expression during embryonic genome activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of primate-restricted TEs in human development.
  • To understand how TEs influence lineage-specific gene expression.
  • To explore the interplay between TEs and KRAB-zinc finger proteins (KZFPs).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TE sequences and transcription factor binding sites.
  • Investigating TE expression during human gastrulation and fetal development.
  • Examining the regulatory relationship between TEs and KZFPs.

Main Results:

  • Primate-restricted TEs possess binding sites for lineage-specific transcription factors.
  • These TEs are expressed during human gastrulation and fetal development.
  • TE integrants act as lineage-specific enhancers for KRAB-zinc finger proteins (KZFPs).
  • KZFPs regulate the activity of TE-embedded regulatory sequences in a lineage-restricted manner.

Conclusions:

  • TEs and KZFPs play significant roles in shaping transcriptional networks during early human development.
  • TEs contribute to lineage-specific gene regulation beyond early embryonic stages.