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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology
Published on: March 24, 2015
Ahmad Ashraf Abdul Halim1,2, Allan Melvin Andrew1,2, Wan Azani Mustafa3,4
1Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE), Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), No. 15 & 17, Jalan Tiga, Pengkalan Jaya Business Centre, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia.
Early breast cancer detection is improved with a new Multi-Stage Feature Selection with Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MSFS-BPSO) method. This intelligent classifier achieves 96.3% accuracy, aiding in timely diagnosis and treatment.
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