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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

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Automated Cervical Nuclei Segmentation in Pap Smear Images Using Enhanced Morphological Thresholding Techniques.

Wan Azani Mustafa1,2, Khalis Khiruddin1, Syahrul Affandi Saidi1

  • 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 27, 2025
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents an improved algorithm for segmenting cervical cell nuclei in Pap smear images, enhancing accuracy for automated screening and aiding early cervical cancer detection.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Computational Pathology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cervical cancer is a leading global cause of death, especially where screening access is limited.
  • Manual Pap smear analysis is subjective and prone to errors, necessitating automated solutions.
  • Accurate segmentation of cervical cell nuclei is crucial for automated analysis but challenging due to image artifacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an improved algorithm for accurate cervical nucleus segmentation.
  • To support automated Pap smear analysis and enhance diagnostic reliability.
  • To address challenges like overlapping cells, poor contrast, and staining variability.

Main Methods:

  • Adaptive gamma correction for contrast enhancement.
Keywords:
adaptive morphologicalimage quality assessmentnucleus segmentation

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  • Otsu thresholding for initial segmentation.
  • Adaptive morphological operations for post-processing refinement.
  • Evaluation using image quality metrics and ground truth validation.
  • Main Results:

    • Achieved high performance with Precision (0.9965), F-measure (97.29%), and Accuracy (98.39%).
    • Demonstrated improved image clarity (PSNR 16.62) and sensitivity.
    • Showed effectiveness across varying cell overlaps and staining conditions, outperforming traditional methods.

    Conclusions:

    • The algorithm provides robust and accurate cervical nucleus segmentation for automated Pap smear analysis.
    • It offers a consistent framework for automated screening tools, enhancing diagnostic reliability.
    • This work lays the foundation for broader applications in medical image analysis.