Recent Insights into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cardiovascular Diseases

Neutrophils are primary effector cells of the innate immune system. Emerging evidence has consistently shown that activated neutrophils produce and release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that play roles in immunity and non-infectious diseases. NETs are composed of DNA and proteins and serve as a structural platform for pathogen sequestration and degradation. In contrast to their protective role during pathogenic infection, NETs are pathologically involved in cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we introduce the formation, release, and clearance of NETs and the regulatory mechanisms of NETs formation, followed by an overview of the clinical evidence for the involvement of NETs in CVD. Because atherosclerosis is a fundamental part of the pathogenesis of CVD, we chose to focus on the mechanisms by which NETs promote endothelial cell damage and collaborate with macrophages and platelets to accelerate plaque progression and thrombosis. Finally, we present options for clinical intervention to inhibit NETs production and release in the treatment of CVD. In conclusion, this review integrates the latest findings and provides new insights into NETs, which represent a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in clinical practice.