TTQR: A Traffic- and Thermal-Aware Q-Routing for 3D Network-on-Chip

The die-stacking structure of 3D network-on-chips (3D NoC) leads to high power density and unequal thermal conductance between different layers, which results in low reliability and performance degradation of 3D NoCs. Congestion-aware adaptive routing, which is capable of balancing the network's traffic load, can alleviate congestion and thermal problems so as to improve the performance of the network. In this study, we propose a traffic- and thermal-aware Q-routing algorithm (TTQR) based on Q-learning, a reinforcement learning method. The proposed algorithm saves the local traffic status and the global temperature information to the Q1-table and Q2-table, respectively. The values of two tables are updated by the packet header and saved in a small size, which saves the hardware overhead. Based on the ratio of the Q1-value to the Q2-value corresponding to each direction, the packet's output port is selected. As a result, packets are transferred to the chosen path to alleviate thermal problems and achieve more balanced inter-layer traffic. Through the Access Noxim simulation platform, we compare the proposed routing algorithm with the TAAR routing algorithm. According to experimental results using synthetic traffic patterns, our proposed methods outperform the TAAR routing algorithm by an average of 63.6% and 41.4% in average latency and throughput, respectively.