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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
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Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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The alignment of a road line using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a critical process in civil engineering, combining advanced technology with practical decision-making. This methodology begins with the collection of geospatial data, including information on land cover, geomorphology, drainage patterns, slope, and contour details. Such data is typically acquired through satellite imagery and GIS tools, offering a comprehensive understanding of the terrain.Once the data is gathered, it...
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Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Selecting Relay Nodes in Underwater Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Analytical

Jitander Kumar Pabani1,2, Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto2, Waheeduddin Hyder3

  • 1Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an energy-efficient routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). It uses a fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (FAHP) to adapt to dynamic network changes, improving performance.

Keywords:
UWSNsfuzzy analytical hierarchy processrouting protocols

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are crucial for applications like water monitoring and geological event detection.
  • UWSNs face significant challenges including limited bandwidth, high latency, and the need for low power consumption and adaptive routing in dynamic environments.
  • Effective routing protocols are essential to overcome these limitations and ensure reliable network operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel, energy-efficient routing technique for underwater sensor networks.
  • To develop a protocol that dynamically adapts to network topology changes caused by water currents and node movement.
  • To enhance the overall performance of UWSNs by minimizing retransmissions and optimizing data delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a routing protocol utilizing a fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (FAHP) for multi-criteria decision making (MCDM).
  • Intelligent routing decisions based on objectives, criteria, and alternatives, considering factors like hop count, distance to sink, and neighbor count.
  • Evaluation of the proposed routing technique against existing fuzzy-based schemes in underwater sensor networks.

Main Results:

  • The proposed routing technique demonstrates adaptive capabilities to network topology fluctuations.
  • The protocol effectively avoids multiple retransmissions, thereby improving overall network performance.
  • Performance analysis indicates the setup behaves comparably to established fuzzy routing schemes like SPRINT.

Conclusions:

  • The developed FAHP-based routing protocol offers an energy-efficient solution for UWSNs.
  • The adaptive nature of the protocol enhances reliability in dynamic underwater environments.
  • The findings suggest this approach is a viable alternative for improving UWSN communication efficiency.