Indicators for Internationalization of Medical Universities: A Scoping Review

Background: The internationalization of universities allows the exchange of knowledge, experiences, attitudes, and cultures across geographical borders, which leads to benefits such as visibility, human resource development, quality improvement and revenue generation for universities. Therefore, the assessment of universities is very important in terms of internationalization. The purpose of this study was to identify the indicators of internationalization assessment for medical universities in a logical framework. Methods: The reporting of this scoping review conforms to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review checklist (PRISMA- ScR). Articles were retrieved through the search of related keywords in databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar from January 2000 to October 2021 and by searching the references of retrieved articles. After applying the inclusion criteria, 36 papers were selected from a total of 1264. Data analysis is underpinned by the Ritchie and Spencer five-step framework. Results: 102 indicators have been identified and organized in the framework of IPO, which has provided input, process and output indicators in the educational, research, and management dimensions. Most indicators have been classified in the "Education" dimension (n=40) which consists of 6 inputs, 14 processes and 20 Outputs. The "Research" dimension consists of 3 inputs, 9 processes and 12 Outputs, and the "Management" dimension consists of 13 inputs, 16 processes and 9 Outputs. Conclusion: There is no single set of target indicators for the internationalization of all medical universities. Therefore, the selection of target indicators for medical universities to proceed toward internationalization depends on the strengths and weaknesses of universities in each dimension, as well as the feasibility of further ambition according to the national context. Also, the identified indicators are mainly in the four areas of facilities management, visibility, marketing, and networking.