Modifiable contributing factors to COVID-19: A comprehensive review.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Toxicology
• Public Health

Background:

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications stem from a dysfunctional immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Toxic stressors and behaviors significantly contribute to this underlying immune dysfunction.
• SARS-CoV-2 leverages a compromised immune system, initiating a cascade leading to severe COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

• To identify and categorize modifiable contributing factors (CFs) that enable immune system dysfunction and link to COVID-19.
• To elucidate the mechanisms by which these CFs exacerbate COVID-19 pathology.
• To emphasize the necessity of addressing these CFs for effective disease management.

Main Methods:

• Identification of eighty immune system dysfunction-enabling toxic stressors and behaviors (CFs).
• Classification of CFs into five distinct categories: Lifestyle, Iatrogenic, Biotoxins, Occupational/Environmental, and Psychosocial/Socioeconomic.
• Analysis of the impact of each CF on immune capability, inflammation, coagulation, and neurodegeneration.

Main Results:

• Eighty modifiable contributing factors (CFs) were identified as directly linked to COVID-19.
• Each CF was categorized within a defined taxonomy.
• CFs were shown to decrease immune function, increase inflammation and coagulation, and cause neural damage.

Conclusions:

• Addressing and eliminating modifiable contributing factors is essential for progress against COVID-19 and similar viral diseases.
• Immune system dysfunction, driven by various toxic stressors, is a key determinant of COVID-19 severity.
• A comprehensive approach targeting lifestyle, environmental, and socioeconomic factors is necessary for effective public health strategies.