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Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Published on: November 16, 2017

Trigger happy" visual field: Ten pointers.

Tarannum Mansoori¹

¹Department of Glaucoma, Anand Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

|December 1, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study identifies 10 key indicators of a "trigger happy" visual field test, often caused by random button presses. Recognizing these signs in Humphrey visual field (HVF) testing is crucial for accurate glaucoma diagnosis.

Keywords:

False positive HVF white scotoma

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Last Updated: Aug 19, 2025

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Published on: November 16, 2017

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Visual Science
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Patients may randomly press buttons during visual field testing, leading to unreliable results.
This phenomenon, known as a "trigger happy" visual field, can compromise diagnostic accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and illustrate 10 specific indicators of a "trigger happy" visual field.
To provide teaching points for recognizing false-positive errors in Humphrey visual field (HVF) testing.

Main Methods:

Analysis of a Humphrey visual field (HVF) 24-2 printout using the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA) standard test.
Identification of 10 classical signs associated with high false-positive (FP) errors.

Main Results:

The false-positive (FP) index is a critical reliability indicator in visual field testing.
Early detection of signs like high fixation loss and elevated retinal sensitivity is vital during the test.

Conclusions:

Recognizing the 10 identified pointers in HVF printouts aids in detecting unreliable visual field tests.
Prompt reinstruction or retesting is necessary when high FP rates (>15%) are suspected to ensure accurate glaucoma progression analysis.