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A charged particle experiences a force when moving through a magnetic field. Consider the field to be uniform and the charged particle to move perpendicular to it. If the field is in a vacuum, the magnetic field is the dominant factor determining the motion. Since the magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of motion, a charged particle follows a curved path. The particle continues to follow this curved path until it forms a complete circle. Another way to look at this is that the...
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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Faraday's law state that the induced emf is the negative change in the magnetic flux per unit of time. Any change in the magnetic field or change in the orientation of the area of the coil with respect to the magnetic field induces a voltage (emf). The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines through a given surface area. Magnetic flux is estimated from the integral of the dot product of the magnetic field vector and the area vector. The negative sign describes the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 19, 2025

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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First-Principles Fermi Acceleration in Magnetized Turbulence.

Martin Lemoine1

  • 1Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France.

Physical Review Letters
|December 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study implements Fermi

Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Particle acceleration is a fundamental process in astrophysical plasmas.
  • Understanding particle energization in turbulent environments is crucial.
  • Fermi's model provides a theoretical basis for particle acceleration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a concrete implementation of Fermi's particle acceleration model in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence.
  • To connect particle energization rates to magnetic field line velocity gradients within a multifractal turbulence model.
  • To derive a transport equation for particle distribution functions in momentum space.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model linking particle energization to magnetic field velocity gradients.

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  • Characterized turbulence intermittency using a multifractal approach.
  • Derived a momentum-space transport equation.
  • Validated the model with large-scale numerical simulations of strong MHD turbulence.

    • Main Results:

    • Established a direct connection between magnetic field line velocity gradients and particle energization rates.
    • Successfully derived a transport equation for particle distribution functions.
    • Numerical simulations confirmed the theoretical framework for strong MHD turbulence.

    Conclusions:

    • The implemented model provides a robust framework for understanding particle acceleration in MHD turbulence.
    • The derived transport equation accurately describes particle energization.
    • This general framework is applicable to various astrophysical environments.