Advanced Therapies for Traumatic Central Nervous System Injury: Delivery Strategy Reinforced Efficient Microglial
Tianchen Huang1,2, Jiahe Wu1,3, Jiafu Mu1
1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Abstract:
Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury, are challenging enemies of human health. Microglia, the main component of the innate immune system in CNS, can be activated postinjury and are key participants in the pathological procedure and development of CNS trauma. Activated microglia can be typically classified into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Reducing M1 polarization while promoting M2 polarization is thought to be promising for CNS injury treatment. However, obstacles such as the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier and short retention time in circulation limit the therapeutic outcomes of administrated drugs, and rational delivery strategies are necessary for efficient microglial regulation. To this end, proper administration methods and delivery systems like nano/microcarriers and scaffolds are investigated to augment the therapeutic effects of drugs, while some of these delivery systems have self-efficacies in microglial manipulation. Besides, systems based on cell and cell-derived exosomes also show impressive effects, and some underlying targeting mechanisms of these delivery systems have been discovered. In this review, we introduce the roles of microglia play in traumatic CNS injuries, discuss the potential targets for the polarization regulation of microglial phenotype, and summarize recent studies and clinical trials about delivery strategies on enhancing the effect of microglial regulation and therapeutic outcome, as well as targeting mechanisms post CNS trauma.
Insights
Microglia play a key role in traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries. This review explores delivery strategies to regulate microglial phenotypes for improved CNS injury treatment.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Biomedical Engineering
Background:
- Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as spinal cord and brain injuries, pose significant health challenges.
- Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, become activated after injury and contribute to pathology.
- Activated microglia exist as pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, with M2 polarization being a therapeutic target.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of microglia in traumatic CNS injuries.
- To discuss potential targets for microglial polarization.
- To summarize delivery strategies for enhancing microglial regulation and therapeutic outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies and clinical trials on microglial regulation in CNS trauma.
- Analysis of various delivery systems, including nano/microcarriers, scaffolds, cells, and exosomes.
- Investigation of targeting mechanisms for these delivery systems.
Main Results:
- Microglial polarization (M1 to M2) is a promising therapeutic strategy for CNS injuries.
- Delivery systems like nano/microcarriers, scaffolds, and exosomes can overcome challenges like blood-brain barrier permeability.
- Some delivery systems possess inherent microglial manipulation capabilities and have identified targeting mechanisms.
Conclusions:
- Effective delivery strategies are crucial for successful microglial regulation in CNS trauma.
- Advanced delivery systems offer potential for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in treating CNS injuries.
- Further research into targeting mechanisms can optimize the efficacy of these delivery systems.
More Related Videos
09:19High Throughput Characterization of Adult Stem Cells Engineered for Delivery of Therapeutic Factors for Neuroprotective Strategies
Published on: January 4, 2015
10:45Anatomically Inspired Three-dimensional Micro-tissue Engineered Neural Networks for Nervous System Reconstruction, Modulation, and Modeling
Published on: May 31, 2017