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Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:28

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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview01:26

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Drugs, the chemical agents used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases, undergo a four-phase process of development: pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic.
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Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design01:28

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Drug design is a dynamic field that involves discovering and developing new medications based on specific biological targets. This process heavily relies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to guide the design and optimization of efficient drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Technical and engineering considerations for designing therapeutics and delivery systems.

Parichehr Hassanzadeh1, Fatemeh Atyabi2, Rassoul Dinarvand2

  • 1Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran; Sasan Hospital, Tehran 14159-83391, Iran.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|December 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Advanced technologies accelerate drug discovery and combat resistance. Innovations in crystal engineering, AI, and mechatronics are key to developing effective theranostics for challenging diseases.

Keywords:
Drug deliveryElectromechanical devicesElectron diffractionMechatronicsOptomechatronics

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Area of Science:

  • Multidisciplinary approach integrating physics, chemistry, and engineering for biomedical applications.

Background:

  • Rising drug resistance and novel pathologies demand advanced therapeutic discovery methods.
  • Current treatments face limitations against hard-to-treat diseases and increasing antimicrobial resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore state-of-the-art technologies for accelerated therapeutic candidate discovery.
  • To enhance understanding of drug targets, mechanisms, and interactions.
  • To investigate novel approaches for theranostics and overcoming drug resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Application of physics- and chemistry-based techniques for theranostic purposes.
  • Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum-based methods.
  • Employing crystal engineering for molecular design and drug formulation.
  • Leveraging electron diffraction, electromechanical tools, mechatronics, and optomechatronics.

Main Results:

  • Potential for smart carriers, local delivery, and enhanced bioavailability.
  • Crystal engineering can improve stability and efficacy of poorly soluble drugs.
  • Advanced techniques like mechatronics (e.g., organ-on-chip) address unmet biomedical needs.

Conclusions:

  • State-of-the-art technologies are crucial for developing effective theranostics.
  • Innovations in crystal engineering and AI can lead to efficient pharmaceuticals with reduced adverse events.
  • Multifunctional smart devices and advanced analytical tools promise improved healthcare outcomes.