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Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen.

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect...

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

Published on: January 22, 2018

Cortex2vector: anatomical embedding of cortical folding patterns.

Lu Zhang¹, Lin Zhao², David Liu³

¹Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, 76010, USA.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|December 9, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method using 3-hinge gyri (3HG) to map individual brain structures. The cortex2vector framework captures both common patterns and unique variations for precise anatomical correspondence.

Keywords:

3-hinge anatomy correspondence cortical folding pattern embedding regularity and variability

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How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

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3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

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Last Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Visualization of Cortical Modules in Flattened Mammalian Cortices

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How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

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3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Computational Anatomy
Brain Mapping

Background:

Current brain mapping relies on common anatomical structures, potentially overlooking individual variations.
The 3-hinge gyrus (3HG) is a newly identified cortical folding pattern with both shared and unique features across brains.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a method for establishing correspondences between individual 3-hinge gyri (3HG) across different brains.
To encode both commonality and individuality of cortical folding patterns.

Main Methods:

Developed a learning-based embedding framework (cortex2vector) to represent individual cortical folding patterns.
Encoded 3HGs using anatomically meaningful embedding vectors and individual-specific combining coefficients.

Main Results:

The cortex2vector embeddings successfully encoded commonality and individuality of cortical folding patterns.
The framework robustly inferred complex many-to-many anatomical correspondences between brains.

Conclusions:

The proposed method effectively captures both shared and unique aspects of cortical folding patterns.
This approach enables more accurate and individualized brain mapping by preserving unique structural information.