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Related Concept Videos

Contact Angle01:13

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
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Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Accurate Determination of the Equilibrium Surface Tension Values with Area Perturbation Tests
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A new methodology for measuring solid/liquid interfacial energy.

Sreya Sarkar1, Mohamad Jafari Gukeh1, Tamal Roy2

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|December 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new experimental method directly measures solid/liquid interfacial energy on rough surfaces. Frictional resistance force on advancing liquids correlates linearly with surface roughness, enabling accurate interfacial energy determination.

Keywords:
Contact angleFrictional resistance forceSolid/liquid interfacial energySurface roughnessWettability

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Solid/liquid interfacial energy (γsl) governs surface wettability and is crucial for controlling fluid transport in devices.
  • Existing methods for quantifying γsl are indirect or theoretical, lacking direct experimental validation for realistic rough surfaces.
  • Makkonen's hypothesis relates frictional resistance to interfacial energy on smooth surfaces, prompting investigation into its applicability to rough surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a direct experimental methodology for measuring solid/liquid interfacial energy (γsl) on rough surfaces.
  • To test the hypothesis that Makkonen's assumption extends to rough surfaces, enabling a simplified measurement approach.
  • To establish a reliable experimental procedure for obtaining γsl for practical, non-ideal surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic contact-angle experiments were conducted on hydrophilic surfaces (Al, Cu, Si) with varying Wenzel roughness.
  • Aqueous and organic liquids were used, with parameters combined with known liquid surface tension to determine frictional resistance force (Fp,a).
  • The relationship between Fp,a and Wenzel roughness was quantified.

Main Results:

  • Frictional resistance force (Fp,a) demonstrated a linear increase with surface roughness.
  • The slope of the Fp,a versus Wenzel roughness plot was found to be equal to the solid/liquid interfacial energy.
  • Experimentally determined interfacial energies showed agreement within 12% of theoretically predicted values.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully validated a direct experimental method for measuring solid/liquid interfacial energy on rough surfaces.
  • The findings confirm that Makkonen's hypothesis can be extended to rough surfaces, providing a practical approach for γsl determination.
  • This methodology offers a reliable and simple way to obtain crucial interfacial energy data for diverse solid/liquid pairs.