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Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

4.8K
Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI01:14

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

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Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
Description of the Procedures
Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-ray technology to generate detailed images of bones, organs, and tissues. During the scan, the patient lies on a moving table...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT

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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 18, 2025

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
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Schober Test and Its Modifications Revisited-What Are We Actually Measuring? Computerized Tomography-Based Analysis.

Oded Hershkovich1,2, Michael Paul Grevitt3, Raphael Lotan1,2

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 5822012, Israel.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|December 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The traditional Schober test (ST) and its modifications inaccurately measure lumbar spine motion. The waist-modified Schober test (WMST) accurately spans L1-S1 motion segments, making it a superior tool for clinical assessment.

Keywords:
Schober testlumbarmodifiedrange of motion

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The Schober test (ST) and its modifications (MST, MMST) are commonly used to assess lumbar spine flexion.
  • Accurate measurement of lumbar spine motion is crucial for diagnosing and managing spinal conditions.
  • Previous studies have questioned the reliability of these surface markers in capturing the full L1-S1 motion segment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of the Schober test (ST), Modified ST (MST), and Modified-Modified ST (MMST) in spanning the L1-S1 lumbar motion segments.
  • To compare these surface marker measurements with actual patient anatomy using sagittal CT scans.
  • To identify a more accurate method for assessing lumbar spine motion.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five patients without prior spinal surgery or deformity were included.
  • Sagittal CT scans were used to determine the actual L1-S1 motion segments in each patient.
  • The cephalic and caudal endpoints of the ST, MST, and MMST were assessed on the skin surface and compared to CT measurements.

Main Results:

  • The original ST failed to encompass the entire L1-S1 motion segment in all patients.
  • The MST and MMST showed limited improvement, with MMST achieving 76% accuracy.
  • The waist-modified Schober test (WMST), measuring 16 cm, achieved 100% accuracy in spanning the L1-S1 motion segments.

Conclusions:

  • The ST and its modifications (MST, MMST) are inadequate for accurately measuring the L1-S1 lumbar motion segments, leading to underestimation of lumbar spine motion.
  • The WMST demonstrates significantly higher accuracy and is a more reliable tool for evaluating lumbar spine motion compared to previous methods.