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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Emergent color categorization in a neural network trained for object recognition.

Jelmer P de Vries1, Arash Akbarinia1, Alban Flachot1,2

  • 1Experimental Psychology, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany.

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Visual skills acquisition may explain how color categories emerge. A convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on object recognition showed categorical color perception, aligning with human boundaries.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Computer Vision
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Color perception is categorical, but its origins are debated.
  • Both innate abilities (infants, animals) and communication influence color categories.
  • Previous models focused on communication, not visual skill development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate if acquiring visual skills leads to color categorization.
  • Determine if a convolutional neural network (CNN) develops categorical color representation.
  • Explore the link between visual expertise and color boundary emergence.

Main Methods:

  • Trained a CNN on object recognition in natural images.
  • Added new output layers for color classification tasks.
  • Probed novel colors to identify category border invariance.
  • Used an evolutionary algorithm to confirm border locations based on categorical perception principles.
  • Conducted a human psychophysical experiment mirroring the CNN approach.

Main Results:

  • CNN exhibited color category borders largely invariant to training colors.
  • Identified category boundaries showed significant agreement with human perception.
  • Evolutionary algorithm confirmed the role of categorical perception in border formation.

Conclusions:

  • Basic visual skill acquisition can drive the emergence of categorical color representation.
  • CNN models provide a framework for understanding the development of visual perception.
  • Findings suggest a link between visual expertise and the fundamental organization of color.