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Updated: Aug 17, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
Published on: October 13, 2016
[Biomarkers for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment - Recommendations from the Swiss Memory Clinics]
Julius Popp1,2,3, Dan Georgescu1,4,5, Markus Bürge5,6,7
1Société suisse de psychiatrie et psychothérapie de la personne âgée, Luzernerstrasse, 11 6353 Weggis.
Abstract:
Established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers allow for earlier and more accurate etiological diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Information and counselling are needed both before and after biomarker-supported diagnosis. The procedures for diagnostic lumbar punctures and pre-analytical sample handling should follow published consensus recommendations. The results must be interpreted in the context of the other available history information and assessments. Blood-based biomarkers and other non-invasive markers are expected to become available for clinical practice soon. Consequently, a broader usage of biomarkers is expected and may accelerate the development of individually tailored prevention and treatment approaches. This article provides the recommendations of the Swiss Memory Clinics for the use of biomarkers in clinical practice.
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