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Related Concept Videos

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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Updated: Aug 17, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Kinetochore-catalyzed MCC formation: A structural perspective.

Elyse S Fischer1

  • 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.

IUBMB Life
|December 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures accurate cell division by forming the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). This review details the molecular mechanisms of MCC assembly, crucial for maintaining genomic integrity during mitosis.

Keywords:
Bub1Cdc20Mad1Mps1mitotic checkpoint complexspindle assembly checkpoint

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Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is vital for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis.
  • Kinetochores mediate sister chromatid attachment to spindle microtubules, signaling the SAC.
  • The SAC delays mitotic exit until all chromosomes are properly attached.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) assembly.
  • To examine the role of the catalytic scaffold in MCC formation.
  • To highlight recent progress and unresolved questions in SAC regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SAC and MCC.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of protein conversion and complex assembly.
  • Examination of signaling cascades involving Mps1 kinase and HORMA domain proteins.

Main Results:

  • The MCC, comprising Mad2, BubR1, Bub3, and Cdc20, is regulated by Mps1 kinase.
  • A catalytic scaffold facilitates the conversion of O-Mad2 to C-Mad2 and Cdc20 binding.
  • Understanding the kinetic barrier to C-Mad2:Cdc20 formation is key to SAC function.

Conclusions:

  • The SAC rapidly assembles the MCC through precise molecular choreography.
  • This process is essential for maintaining genomic integrity during cell division.
  • The SAC provides a paradigm for cellular regulation using molecular switches.