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Polymers02:34

Polymers

36.1K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.6K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.6K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

2.0K
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
2.0K
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

2.3K
The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
2.3K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.2K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.2K

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Bio-based monomers for amide-containing sustainable polymers.

Kangle Yan1, Jie Wang1, Zhongkai Wang1

  • 1Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, P. R. China. yuanliang2020@ahau.edu.cn.

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Sustainable polymers from renewable sources are gaining traction. This article explores monomer design strategies for creating advanced amide-containing sustainable polymers (AmSPs) for enhanced performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Petroleum-based polymers have dominated the market for decades.
  • Sustainable polymers from renewable feedstocks are experiencing a resurgence.
  • Amide-containing polymers offer diverse properties based on structural variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conceptualize the monomer design philosophy for amide-containing sustainable polymers (AmSPs).
  • To bridge the gap between renewable resources and the production of AmSPs.
  • To provide a perspective on monomer design for performance enhancement in AmSPs.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of di-functional monomers for step-growth polymerization.
  • Exploration of cyclic monomers for ring-opening polymerization.
  • Analysis of amide-containing monomers for chain-growth polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Conceptualization of monomer design strategies for AmSPs.
  • Highlighting the importance of bio-based monomers.
  • Linking monomer structure to polymer properties and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Monomer design is crucial for developing high-performance AmSPs.
  • The "monomer approach" is a viable industrial strategy for AmSPs.
  • Further research into bio-based monomers will advance sustainable polymer development.