T cells in ocular autoimmune uveitis: Pathways and therapeutic approaches

Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious intraocular condition that affects the uveal tract of the eye and threatens vision if not treated properly. Increasing evidence suggests that activated CD4⁺ T cells are associated with progressive and permanent destruction of photoreceptors in ocular autoimmune diseases. As such, the purpose of this review is to offer an overview of the role of CD4⁺ T cells in autoimmune uveitis as well as a justification for the current development and assessment of innovative autoimmune uveitis medications targeting CD4⁺ T cells. With an emphasis on T helper (Th)17, Th1, and Th2 cells, follicular helper CD4⁺ T cells, and regulatory T cells, this review presents a summary of recent research related to the pathways and signaling that encourage CD4⁺ T cells to develop into specialized effector cells. We also describe immunotherapeutic approaches based on CD4⁺ T cell subsets and their potential as therapeutic agents for autoimmune disorders.