Prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: A meta-analysis

The global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) endangers more and more people. Many studies on cutaneous manifestations related to COVID-19 have emerged, but their prevalence has varied widely. The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis estimating the prevalence of skin manifestations in COVID-19. Four databases PubMed, Web of Science, CBM, and CNKI were searched, and the results were screened by two reviewers. A random-effects model was used to evaluate the overall prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed by I² . Further subgroup analyses were conducted by region, sample size, sex, age, and severity of COVID-19. A funnel plot and Egger's test were performed to assess publication bias. The pooled prevalence of cutaneous manifestation of 61 089 patients in 33 studies was 5.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.040-0.076, I²  = 98.3%). Severity of COVID-19 was probably the source of heterogeneity. Studies with sample size <200 report higher prevalence estimates (10.2%). The prevalence of detailed types was as follows: maculopapular rash 2%, livedoid lesions 1.4%, petechial lesions 1.1%, urticaria 0.8%, pernio-like lesions 0.5%, vesicular lesions 0.3%. Petechial lesions and livedoid lesions contain a higher proportion of severe patients than other skin manifestations. The prevalence rates of pernio-like lesions, urticaria and petechial lesions vary greatly in different regions.