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Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

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Updated: Aug 16, 2025

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Published on: March 29, 2019

Phase evolution for oxidizing bismuth selenide.

Wen-Xia Yu¹, Bin Liu¹, Wei-Qing Huang¹

¹School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|December 21, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored the oxidation of bismuth selenide (Bi₂Se₃) to bismuth oxy-selenide (Bi₂O₂Se), a promising material for electronics. They detailed phase transformations and identified an intermediate compound with potential for photovoltaic applications.

Keywords:

first-principles calculation ionic character layered semiconductor materials phase evolution

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Published on: December 29, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Physics
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Bismuth oxy-selenide (Bi₂O₂Se) is a promising material for next-generation electronics due to its high carrier mobility and air stability.
Understanding the oxidation process of layered bismuth selenide (Bi₂Se₃) is crucial for synthesizing Bi₂O₂Se and optimizing its electronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the phase transformations of Bi₂Se₃ during gradual oxidation.
To elucidate the role of electronegativity differences in the oxidation process and bond ionicity changes.
To identify potential applications for intermediate oxidation products.

Main Methods:

Crystal structure prediction using computational methods.
First-principles calculations to analyze electronic structure and phase stability.
Simulations of the oxidation interaction between Bi₂Se₃ and O₂.

Main Results:

The study reports a phase transformation pathway from hexagonal Bi₂Se₃ to monoclinic Bi₂OSe₂ and finally to tetragonal Bi₂O₂Se.
The oxidation process leads to an increase in bond ionicity due to the electronegativity difference between Se and O.
The intermediate compound, Bi₂OSe₂, exhibits a calculated band gap of 1.01 eV, suggesting potential for photovoltaic applications.

Conclusions:

The findings provide insights into the oxidation mechanisms of Bi₂Se₃ and the formation of Bi₂O₂Se.
The intermediate Bi₂OSe₂ is identified as a potential candidate for future photovoltaic devices.
This research contributes to the understanding of materials for optoelectronic applications.