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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Mechanically Driven Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization by Piezoelectricity.

Mengjie Zhou1, Yu Zhang1, Ge Shi1

  • 1Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.

ACS Macro Letters
|December 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a green approach to polymer synthesis using ball milling and piezoelectric nanoparticles to control atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). This method achieves well-defined polymers with low catalyst loading and minimal environmental impact.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled polymerization technique.
  • Conventional ATRP often requires heat, electricity, or light, posing environmental and practical challenges.
  • Developing sustainable and eco-friendly polymerization methods is crucial for modern materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, sustainable, and eco-friendly method for ATRP.
  • To utilize ball milling (BM) and piezoelectric nanoparticles (piezoNPs) as a synergistic catalytic system.
  • To demonstrate controlled polymerization with minimal environmental impact and low catalyst loading.

Main Methods:

  • Synergistic catalysis involving ball milling (BM) and piezoelectric nanoparticles (piezoNPs).
  • BM-induced electron transfer mediated by piezoNP deformation under impact.
  • Utilizing ppm levels of copper as a catalyst.
  • Employing DMSO-assisted grinding and water as liquid-assisted grinding additives.

Main Results:

  • Achieved well-defined polymers with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity.
  • Successfully prepared high-molecular-weight polymers (33-74 kDa).
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of water as an eco-friendly liquid-assisted grinding additive.
  • Showcased the recyclability of piezoNPs and the formation of cross-linker-free composite resins.

Conclusions:

  • The BM and piezoNP-mediated ATRP offers a green and practical alternative to conventional methods.
  • This approach enables sustainable polymer synthesis with high efficiency and minimal environmental footprint.
  • The method is versatile, utilizing readily available materials and conditions.