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Related Concept Videos

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Azimuths and bearings are essential concepts in surveying, providing methods to express the direction of a line relative to a meridian. Azimuths refer to the clockwise angle measured from the north end of a reference meridian to the given line, ranging from zero to 360 degrees. This method gives a comprehensive directional reference within a full 360-degree circle, making it a straightforward way to communicate direction in various fields, including navigation, cartography, and...
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Magnetic declination is the angle between true north, which aligns with the Earth's rotational axis, and magnetic north, which follows the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. This discrepancy exists because the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic poles. The value of magnetic declination depends on the observer's location on Earth and is subject to changes over time due to the dynamic nature of the Earth's magnetic field.The declination is called eastern when magnetic north...
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In surveying, meridians are vital reference lines to measure directions and establish accurate land orientations. Meridians run from the north to the south poles, providing a stable framework for angular measurements and mapping. Meridians are fundamental in survey design, with the primary types being astronomic, magnetic, and assumed meridians. Each type offers distinct benefits and limitations, selected based on the project's scale and precision needs.The astronomic meridian is aligned with...
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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
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Tracking westerly wind directions over Europe since the middle Holocene.

Hsun-Ming Hu1,2, Valerie Trouet3, Christoph Spötl4

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology and atmospheric science.

Background:

  • Northern westerlies variability is crucial for climate evolution but poorly understood.
  • Complex Atlantic sea-level pressure dynamics hinder understanding of westerly behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct past westerly drift and understand its influence on European climate.
  • To investigate the relationship between North Atlantic climate dynamics and European weather patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-annually resolved westerly drift record from northern Italy over 6,500 years.
  • Integration with over 20 other westerly-sensitive climate records.
  • Analysis of multi-decadal to multi-centennial climate variability.

Main Results:

  • The direction of European westerlies has shifted over the past 6,500 years.
  • These shifts correlate with changes in North Atlantic centers of action.
  • Evidence of non-stationary westerly-affected regions across mainland Europe.

Conclusions:

  • North Atlantic dipole migrations significantly modulate European westerly domains.
  • Atlantic Ocean variability may also influence these climate patterns.
  • Understanding past westerlies provides insights into future climate change.