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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Peroxisomes and Mitochondria01:30

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
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Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

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Mitochondria in Early Life.

Ling He1, Akhil Maheshwari2

  • 1School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Current Pediatric Reviews
|December 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria, essential for cellular energy, also regulate cell communication and adaptation. Mitochondrial dysfunction impacts various disorders and embryo viability, highlighting their critical role in health.

Keywords:
Neonatearchezoanbiogenesisepigeneticinner membraneintermembrane spacematrixmitochondrial DNAmitochondrial functionmitochondrion- related organellesouter membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Organelle Function

Background:

  • Mitochondria are dynamic organelles crucial for cellular energy production and homeostasis.
  • They play vital roles in metabolic, energetic, and epigenetic regulation.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to numerous disorders affecting various organ systems.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on mitochondrial ultrastructure, components, evolution, biogenesis, dynamics, and function.
  • It examines clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Information is drawn from extensive literature searches (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus) and original research.

Key Points:

  • Mitochondria are central to eukaryotic cell function, energy generation, and intercellular communication.
  • Defects in mitochondrial or nuclear genes lead to diverse pathologies.
  • Mitochondrial dynamics and signaling are critical for embryo viability and offspring health.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding mitochondrial biology is key to addressing a wide range of diseases.
  • Further research into mitochondrial dynamics and signaling offers therapeutic potential.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview for researchers and clinicians.