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Related Concept Videos

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
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Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Research of nuclide identification method based on background comparison method.

Xiaozhe Li1, Qingxian Zhang1, Heyi Tan2

  • 1Chengdu University of Technology, The College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, ChengDu, Sichuan, 610059, China; Applied Nuclear Technologyin Geosciences Key Laboratoryof Sichuan Province (Chengdu University of Technology), ChengDu, Sichuan, 610059, China.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|December 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances radioactive material detection by improving the sequential background comparison method using gamma particle energy and time data. The new approach rapidly identifies low-level radioactive nuclides in natural backgrounds, boosting nuclear safety.

Keywords:
Natural radiationNuclide identificationNuclide safetySequential test

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Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear physics and instrumentation
  • Radiation detection and measurement
  • Public and event security

Background:

  • Radioactive material inspection is crucial for nuclear safety and security at large events.
  • Fast and efficient detection methods are vital technical guarantees for nuclear safety.
  • Natural background radiation poses challenges for detecting low-level radioactive materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the sequential background comparison method for radioactive material detection.
  • To enhance the response time and identification accuracy of extremely low radioactive nuclides.
  • To enable rapid identification of low radioactivity radionuclides under natural radiation background.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing energy and time distribution characteristics of natural background and target nuclide gamma particles.
  • Incorporating nuclide half-life, characteristic gamma-ray energy, and branching ratio information.
  • Experimental verification using a LaBr3(Ce) detector and particle event acquisition device.

Main Results:

  • The improved method identified Cesium-137 (137Cs) at 8700 Bq in 6.2 seconds.
  • The method identified Cobalt-60 (60Co) at 4500 Bq in 5.9 seconds.
  • Demonstrated rapid identification of low radioactivity radionuclides under natural background radiation.

Conclusions:

  • The improved background comparison-based sequential Bayesian method significantly enhances detection capabilities.
  • This technique offers a rapid and accurate solution for identifying low-level radioactive materials in public settings.
  • The findings contribute to improved nuclear safety and security protocols for events and general monitoring.