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Related Concept Videos

Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Design Example: Automobile Ignition System01:14

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The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing...
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Design of Transmission Shafts01:16

Design of Transmission Shafts

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The design of a transmission shaft is governed by two primary specifications: the power it transmits and its rotational speed. These parameters guide the selection of the shaft's material and cross-sectional dimensions, ensuring that the material's maximum shearing stress remains within the elastic limit while transmitting the desired power at the given speed. The system's power is intrinsically linked to the applied torque. The torque applied to the shaft can be calculated by...
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Mechanical Characteristics of Steel01:18

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

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The mechanical characteristics of steel are assessed through various tests that evaluate its strength, toughness, and flexibility. These tests include tension, torsion, impact, bending, and hardness assessments, each providing crucial information about steel's suitability for specific applications.
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used...
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PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

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In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
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Mechanical Systems01:22

Mechanical Systems

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Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically...
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Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates
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Cutting-Edge CAR Engineering: Beyond T Cells.

Luisa Chocarro1, Ester Blanco1,2, Leticia Fernández-Rubio1

  • 1Oncoimmunology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain.

Biomedicines
|December 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy shows promise in blood cancers but struggles with solid tumors. CAR-M cell therapy offers a new approach to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) for improved cancer treatment.

Keywords:
CAR-NKCAR-macrophageCAR-monocyteCAR-myeloidimmunotherapytumour microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized hematological cancer treatment but shows limited efficacy in solid tumors.
  • The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) hinders CAR-T cell activity, with myeloid cells (M) playing a key role in immune suppression and angiogenesis.
  • CAR-M (chimeric antigen receptor-myeloid) cell therapy is emerging as a novel immunotherapy to enhance CAR treatment efficacy in solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of CAR-innate immune cells and CAR-M cell immunotherapies.
  • To explore the potential of CAR-M therapy in overcoming TME resistance in solid tumors.
  • To summarize engineering, mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical findings of CAR-M cell therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic, translational, and clinical research on CAR-innate immune cells and CAR-M cell immunotherapies.
  • Analysis of CAR engineering strategies and mechanistic studies.
  • Evaluation of preclinical and clinical development data.

Main Results:

  • CAR-T therapy demonstrates high efficacy in hematological malignancies but faces challenges in solid tumors due to the TME.
  • CAR-M cell therapy presents a promising alternative strategy to improve efficacy, survival, persistence, and safety of CAR treatments in solid tumors.
  • Understanding CAR-M mechanisms and TME interactions is crucial for advancing this next-generation personalized medicine.

Conclusions:

  • CAR-M cell therapy holds significant potential to overcome TME-mediated resistance in solid tumors.
  • Further research into CAR-M mechanisms and clinical development is essential for its successful application.
  • CAR-M therapies represent a critical frontier in cancer research and personalized medicine.