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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes01:22

Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes

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Gaseous substances like general anesthetics are absorbed and excreted through the lungs via simple diffusion. This process depends on factors such as pulmonary blood flow, respiration rate, and the substance's solubility. Gaseous anesthetics like nitrous oxide with low blood solubility are excreted rapidly, while compounds like alcohol, with high blood and tissue solubility, are excreted slowly.
Drugs can also be excreted in breast milk, which is crucial for breastfeeding infants. The...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Dissolution and Absorption of Inhaled Drug Particles in the Lungs.

Basanth Babu Eedara1,2, Rakesh Bastola1, Shyamal C Das1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.

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Dry powder inhalation therapy is effective for lung diseases. This review explores in vitro dissolution and absorption models for inhaled dry powder formulations, addressing challenges in lung drug delivery.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Dry powder inhalation therapy effectively treats localized lung diseases like asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, and infections.
  • In vitro characterization of dry powder formulations assesses physicochemical properties and aerosol performance.
  • Particle properties significantly influence the aerosol performance of inhalable dry powders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing dissolution systems and absorption models for evaluating dry powder inhalations.
  • To highlight the challenges in developing standardized in vitro dissolution methods for inhaled dry powders.
  • To summarize airway epithelium, fine particle dose collection, and absorption models for inhaled drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro dissolution systems and absorption models for dry powder inhalations.
  • Analysis of factors affecting aerosol performance and lung deposition.
  • Examination of methods for fine particle dose collection and in vitro dissolution testing.

Main Results:

  • Established relationships exist between particle properties and aerosol performance.
  • A significant gap remains in standardized in vitro dissolution methods for inhaled dry powders compared to oral formulations.
  • Various in vitro dissolution testing methods and absorption models have been developed to simulate lung drug behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Developing standardized in vitro dissolution methods is crucial for optimizing inhaled dry powder formulations.
  • Understanding airway epithelium and absorption models aids in predicting in vivo drug performance.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of current methodologies for evaluating dry powder inhalation therapies.