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Gabriele Gotti1,2, Stefano Iubini2,3, Paolo Politi2,3

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Out-of-equilibrium conditions in a one-dimensional lattice model can induce spatial localization, even below the condensation threshold. This phenomenon is influenced by conservation laws and condensate pinning.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Non-equilibrium Systems

Background:

  • Lattice models can exhibit condensation transitions when order parameter density exceeds a critical value.
  • Systems with two conservation laws are considered in a one-dimensional open setup connected to external reservoirs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate condensation transitions and emergent localization in a one-dimensional lattice model under non-equilibrium conditions.
  • To explore the role of conservation laws and boundary conditions on the system's behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a one-dimensional lattice model with two conservation laws.
  • Simulation of an open system connected to external reservoirs with subcritical boundary conditions.
  • Investigation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium states.

Main Results:

  • When boundary conditions are equal, the system remains in equilibrium below the condensation threshold, preventing condensate formation.
  • Out-of-equilibrium conditions can lead to localization of the order parameter in an internal part of the lattice.
  • The number of conservation laws and condensate pinning significantly affect the dynamics of the out-of-equilibrium state.

Conclusions:

  • Non-equilibrium driving is crucial for observing localization phenomena in this lattice model, even below the standard condensation threshold.
  • The interplay between conservation laws, boundary conditions, and condensate pinning dictates the emergence and behavior of localized states.